{'created': '2024-08-28T14:14:18.512Z',
 'created_by_ref': 'identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5',
 'description': 'Adversaries may communicate using publish/subscribe (pub/sub) '
                'application layer protocols to avoid detection/network '
                'filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to '
                'the remote system, and often the results of those commands, '
                'will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the '
                'client and server. \n'
                '\n'
                'Protocols such as <code>MQTT</code>, <code>XMPP</code>, '
                '<code>AMQP</code>, and <code>STOMP</code> use a '
                'publish/subscribe design, with message distribution managed '
                'by a centralized broker.(Citation: wailing crab '
                'sub/pub)(Citation: Mandiant APT1 Appendix) Publishers '
                'categorize their messages by topics, while subscribers '
                'receive messages according to their subscribed '
                'topics.(Citation: wailing crab sub/pub) An adversary may '
                'abuse publish/subscribe protocols to communicate with systems '
                'under their control from behind a message broker while also '
                'mimicking normal, expected traffic.',
 'external_references': [{'external_id': 'T1071.005',
                          'source_name': 'mitre-attack',
                          'url': 'https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/005'},
                         {'description': 'Hammond, Charlotte. Villadsen, Ole. '
                                         'Metrick, Kat.. (2023, November 21). '
                                         'Stealthy WailingCrab Malware misuses '
                                         'MQTT Messaging Protocol. Retrieved '
                                         'August 28, 2024.',
                          'source_name': 'wailing crab sub/pub',
                          'url': 'https://securityintelligence.com/x-force/wailingcrab-malware-misues-mqtt-messaging-protocol/'},
                         {'description': 'Mandiant. (n.d.). Appendix C '
                                         '(Digital) - The Malware Arsenal. '
                                         'Retrieved July 18, 2016.',
                          'source_name': 'Mandiant APT1 Appendix',
                          'url': 'https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf'}],
 'id': 'attack-pattern--241f9ea8-f6ae-4f38-92f5-cef5b7e539dd',
 'kill_chain_phases': [{'kill_chain_name': 'mitre-attack',
                        'phase_name': 'command-and-control'}],
 'modified': '2025-04-15T19:58:14.152Z',
 'name': 'Publish/Subscribe Protocols',
 'object_marking_refs': ['marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168'],
 'revoked': False,
 'spec_version': '2.1',
 'type': 'attack-pattern',
 'x_mitre_attack_spec_version': '3.2.0',
 'x_mitre_contributors': ['Domenico Mazzaferro Palmeri',
                          'Sofia Sanchez Margolles'],
 'x_mitre_deprecated': False,
 'x_mitre_detection': '',
 'x_mitre_domains': ['enterprise-attack'],
 'x_mitre_is_subtechnique': True,
 'x_mitre_modified_by_ref': 'identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5',
 'x_mitre_platforms': ['macOS', 'Linux', 'Windows', 'Network Devices'],
 'x_mitre_version': '1.1'}