{'created': '2017-05-31T21:31:13.915Z',
 'created_by_ref': 'identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5',
 'description': 'Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web '
                'service as a means for relaying data to/from a compromised '
                'system. Popular websites, cloud services, and social media '
                'acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of '
                'cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are '
                'already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using '
                'common services, such as those offered by Google, Microsoft, '
                'or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in '
                'expected noise.(Citation: Broadcom BirdyClient Microsoft '
                'Graph API 2024) Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS '
                'encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.\n'
                '\n'
                'Use of Web services may also protect back-end C2 '
                'infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis '
                'while also enabling operational resiliency (since this '
                'infrastructure may be dynamically changed).',
 'external_references': [{'external_id': 'T1102',
                          'source_name': 'mitre-attack',
                          'url': 'https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102'},
                         {'description': 'Broadcom. (2024, May 2). BirdyClient '
                                         'malware leverages Microsoft Graph '
                                         'API for C&C communication. Retrieved '
                                         'July 1, 2024.',
                          'source_name': 'Broadcom BirdyClient Microsoft Graph '
                                         'API 2024',
                          'url': 'https://www.broadcom.com/support/security-center/protection-bulletin/birdyclient-malware-leverages-microsoft-graph-api-for-c-c-communication'},
                         {'description': 'Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, '
                                         'S. (2014, February). Command & '
                                         'Control Understanding, Denying and '
                                         'Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.',
                          'source_name': 'University of Birmingham C2',
                          'url': 'https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf'}],
 'id': 'attack-pattern--830c9528-df21-472c-8c14-a036bf17d665',
 'kill_chain_phases': [{'kill_chain_name': 'mitre-attack',
                        'phase_name': 'command-and-control'}],
 'modified': '2025-10-24T17:49:02.831Z',
 'name': 'Web Service',
 'object_marking_refs': ['marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168'],
 'revoked': False,
 'spec_version': '2.1',
 'type': 'attack-pattern',
 'x_mitre_attack_spec_version': '3.2.0',
 'x_mitre_contributors': ['Anastasios Pingios',
                          'Sarathkumar Rajendran, Microsoft Defender365'],
 'x_mitre_deprecated': False,
 'x_mitre_detection': '',
 'x_mitre_domains': ['enterprise-attack'],
 'x_mitre_is_subtechnique': False,
 'x_mitre_modified_by_ref': 'identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5',
 'x_mitre_platforms': ['ESXi', 'Linux', 'Windows', 'macOS'],
 'x_mitre_version': '1.3'}

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