{'created': '2017-05-31T21:30:44.720Z',
 'created_by_ref': 'identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5',
 'description': 'Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over a '
                'different protocol than that of the existing command and '
                'control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate '
                'network location from the main command and control server.  \n'
                '\n'
                'Alternate protocols include FTP, SMTP, HTTP/S, DNS, SMB, or '
                'any other network protocol not being used as the main command '
                'and control channel. Adversaries may also opt to encrypt '
                'and/or obfuscate these alternate channels. \n'
                '\n'
                '[Exfiltration Over Alternative '
                'Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048) can be '
                'done using various common operating system utilities such as '
                '[Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039)/SMB or '
                'FTP.(Citation: Palo Alto OilRig Oct 2016) On macOS and Linux '
                '<code>curl</code> may be used to invoke protocols such as '
                'HTTP/S or FTP/S to exfiltrate data from a system.(Citation: '
                '20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques)\n'
                '\n'
                'Many IaaS and SaaS platforms (such as Microsoft Exchange, '
                'Microsoft SharePoint, GitHub, and AWS S3) support the direct '
                'download of files, emails, source code, and other sensitive '
                'information via the web console or [Cloud '
                'API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/009).',
 'external_references': [{'external_id': 'T1048',
                          'source_name': 'mitre-attack',
                          'url': 'https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048'},
                         {'description': 'Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, '
                                         'S. (2014, February). Command & '
                                         'Control Understanding, Denying and '
                                         'Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.',
                          'source_name': 'University of Birmingham C2',
                          'url': 'https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf'},
                         {'description': 'Grunzweig, J. and Falcone, R.. '
                                         '(2016, October 4). OilRig Malware '
                                         'Campaign Updates Toolset and Expands '
                                         'Targets. Retrieved May 3, 2017.',
                          'source_name': 'Palo Alto OilRig Oct 2016',
                          'url': 'http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/10/unit42-oilrig-malware-campaign-updates-toolset-and-expands-targets/'},
                         {'description': 'Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 '
                                         'Common Tools & Techniques Used by '
                                         'macOS Threat Actors & Malware. '
                                         'Retrieved August 23, 2021.',
                          'source_name': '20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques',
                          'url': 'https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/'}],
 'id': 'attack-pattern--a19e86f8-1c0a-4fea-8407-23b73d615776',
 'kill_chain_phases': [{'kill_chain_name': 'mitre-attack',
                        'phase_name': 'exfiltration'}],
 'modified': '2025-10-24T17:49:10.460Z',
 'name': 'Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol',
 'object_marking_refs': ['marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168'],
 'revoked': False,
 'spec_version': '2.1',
 'type': 'attack-pattern',
 'x_mitre_attack_spec_version': '3.2.0',
 'x_mitre_contributors': ['William Cain', 'Alfredo Abarca'],
 'x_mitre_deprecated': False,
 'x_mitre_detection': '',
 'x_mitre_domains': ['enterprise-attack'],
 'x_mitre_is_subtechnique': False,
 'x_mitre_modified_by_ref': 'identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5',
 'x_mitre_platforms': ['ESXi',
                       'IaaS',
                       'Linux',
                       'macOS',
                       'Network Devices',
                       'Office Suite',
                       'SaaS',
                       'Windows'],
 'x_mitre_version': '1.6'}