{'created': '2020-03-15T00:40:27.503Z',
 'created_by_ref': 'identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5',
 'description': 'Adversaries may impersonate legitimate protocols or web '
                'service traffic to disguise command and control activity and '
                'thwart analysis efforts. By impersonating legitimate '
                'protocols or web services, adversaries can make their command '
                'and control traffic blend in with legitimate network '
                'traffic.  \n'
                '\n'
                'Adversaries may impersonate a fake SSL/TLS handshake to make '
                'it look like subsequent traffic is SSL/TLS encrypted, '
                'potentially interfering with some security tooling, or to '
                'make the traffic look like it is related with a trusted '
                'entity. \n'
                '\n'
                'Adversaries may also leverage legitimate protocols to '
                'impersonate expected web traffic or trusted services. For '
                'example, adversaries may manipulate HTTP headers, URI '
                'endpoints, SSL certificates, and transmitted data to disguise '
                'C2 communications or mimic legitimate services such as Gmail, '
                'Google Drive, and Yahoo Messenger.(Citation: ESET Okrum July '
                '2019)(Citation: Malleable-C2-U42)',
 'external_references': [{'external_id': 'T1001.003',
                          'source_name': 'mitre-attack',
                          'url': 'https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1001/003'},
                         {'description': 'Chris Navarrete Durgesh Sangvikar '
                                         'Andrew Guan Yu Fu Yanhui Jia '
                                         'Siddhart Shibiraj. (2022, March 16). '
                                         'Cobalt Strike Analysis and Tutorial: '
                                         'How Malleable C2 Profiles Make '
                                         'Cobalt Strike Difficult to Detect. '
                                         'Retrieved September 24, 2024.',
                          'source_name': 'Malleable-C2-U42',
                          'url': 'https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cobalt-strike-malleable-c2-profile/'},
                         {'description': 'Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, '
                                         'S. (2014, February). Command & '
                                         'Control Understanding, Denying and '
                                         'Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.',
                          'source_name': 'University of Birmingham C2',
                          'url': 'https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf'},
                         {'description': 'Hromcova, Z. (2019, July). OKRUM AND '
                                         'KETRICAN: AN OVERVIEW OF RECENT '
                                         'KE3CHANG GROUP ACTIVITY. Retrieved '
                                         'May 6, 2020.',
                          'source_name': 'ESET Okrum July 2019',
                          'url': 'https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ESET_Okrum_and_Ketrican.pdf'}],
 'id': 'attack-pattern--c325b232-d5bc-4dde-a3ec-71f3db9e8adc',
 'kill_chain_phases': [{'kill_chain_name': 'mitre-attack',
                        'phase_name': 'command-and-control'}],
 'modified': '2025-10-24T17:49:20.574Z',
 'name': 'Protocol or Service Impersonation',
 'object_marking_refs': ['marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168'],
 'revoked': False,
 'spec_version': '2.1',
 'type': 'attack-pattern',
 'x_mitre_attack_spec_version': '3.2.0',
 'x_mitre_contributors': ['James Emery-Callcott, Emerging Threats Team, '
                          'Proofpoint'],
 'x_mitre_deprecated': False,
 'x_mitre_detection': '',
 'x_mitre_domains': ['enterprise-attack'],
 'x_mitre_is_subtechnique': True,
 'x_mitre_modified_by_ref': 'identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5',
 'x_mitre_platforms': ['ESXi', 'Linux', 'macOS', 'Windows'],
 'x_mitre_version': '2.1'}