{'created': '2017-05-31T21:31:43.540Z',
 'created_by_ref': 'identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5',
 'description': 'Adversaries may encode data to make the content of command '
                'and control traffic more difficult to detect. Command and '
                'control (C2) information can be encoded using a standard data '
                'encoding system. Use of data encoding may adhere to existing '
                'protocol specifications and includes use of ASCII, Unicode, '
                'Base64, MIME, or other binary-to-text and character encoding '
                'systems.(Citation: Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding) '
                '(Citation: Wikipedia Character Encoding) Some data encoding '
                'systems may also result in data compression, such as gzip.',
 'external_references': [{'external_id': 'T1132',
                          'source_name': 'mitre-attack',
                          'url': 'https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1132'},
                         {'description': 'Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, '
                                         'S. (2014, February). Command & '
                                         'Control Understanding, Denying and '
                                         'Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.',
                          'source_name': 'University of Birmingham C2',
                          'url': 'https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf'},
                         {'description': 'Wikipedia. (2016, December 26). '
                                         'Binary-to-text encoding. Retrieved '
                                         'March 1, 2017.',
                          'source_name': 'Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding',
                          'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-to-text_encoding'},
                         {'description': 'Wikipedia. (2017, February 19). '
                                         'Character Encoding. Retrieved March '
                                         '1, 2017.',
                          'source_name': 'Wikipedia Character Encoding',
                          'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding'}],
 'id': 'attack-pattern--cc7b8c4e-9be0-47ca-b0bb-83915ec3ee2f',
 'kill_chain_phases': [{'kill_chain_name': 'mitre-attack',
                        'phase_name': 'command-and-control'}],
 'modified': '2025-10-24T17:49:23.915Z',
 'name': 'Data Encoding',
 'object_marking_refs': ['marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168'],
 'revoked': False,
 'spec_version': '2.1',
 'type': 'attack-pattern',
 'x_mitre_attack_spec_version': '3.2.0',
 'x_mitre_contributors': ['Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach'],
 'x_mitre_deprecated': False,
 'x_mitre_detection': '',
 'x_mitre_domains': ['enterprise-attack'],
 'x_mitre_is_subtechnique': False,
 'x_mitre_modified_by_ref': 'identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5',
 'x_mitre_platforms': ['Linux', 'macOS', 'Windows', 'ESXi'],
 'x_mitre_version': '1.3'}