{'created': '2017-05-31T21:31:26.474Z',
 'created_by_ref': 'identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5',
 'description': 'Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a binary '
                'from the developer and a guarantee that the binary has not '
                'been tampered with. (Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing) '
                'However, adversaries are known to use code signing '
                'certificates to masquerade malware and tools as legitimate '
                'binaries (Citation: Janicab). The certificates used during an '
                'operation may be created, forged, or stolen by the adversary. '
                '(Citation: Securelist Digital Certificates) (Citation: '
                'Symantec Digital Certificates)\n'
                '\n'
                'Code signing to verify software on first run can be used on '
                'modern Windows and macOS/OS X systems. It is not used on '
                'Linux due to the decentralized nature of the platform. '
                '(Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing)\n'
                '\n'
                'Code signing certificates may be used to bypass security '
                'policies that require signed code to execute on a system.',
 'external_references': [{'external_id': 'T1116',
                          'source_name': 'mitre-attack',
                          'url': 'https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1116'},
                         {'description': 'Wikipedia. (2015, November 10). Code '
                                         'Signing. Retrieved March 31, 2016.',
                          'source_name': 'Wikipedia Code Signing',
                          'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_signing'},
                         {'description': 'Thomas. (2013, July 15). New signed '
                                         'malware called Janicab. Retrieved '
                                         'July 17, 2017.',
                          'source_name': 'Janicab',
                          'url': 'http://www.thesafemac.com/new-signed-malware-called-janicab/'},
                         {'description': 'Ladikov, A. (2015, January 29). Why '
                                         'You Shouldn’t Completely Trust Files '
                                         'Signed with Digital Certificates. '
                                         'Retrieved March 31, 2016.',
                          'source_name': 'Securelist Digital Certificates',
                          'url': 'https://securelist.com/why-you-shouldnt-completely-trust-files-signed-with-digital-certificates/68593/'},
                         {'description': 'Shinotsuka, H. (2013, February 22). '
                                         'How Attackers Steal Private Keys '
                                         'from Digital Certificates. Retrieved '
                                         'March 31, 2016.',
                          'source_name': 'Symantec Digital Certificates',
                          'url': 'http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/how-attackers-steal-private-keys-digital-certificates'}],
 'id': 'attack-pattern--1b84d551-6de8-4b96-9930-d177677c3b1d',
 'kill_chain_phases': [{'kill_chain_name': 'mitre-attack',
                        'phase_name': 'defense-evasion'}],
 'modified': '2025-10-24T17:48:28.518Z',
 'name': 'Code Signing',
 'object_marking_refs': ['marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168'],
 'revoked': True,
 'spec_version': '2.1',
 'type': 'attack-pattern',
 'x_mitre_attack_spec_version': '3.2.0',
 'x_mitre_deprecated': False,
 'x_mitre_detection': '',
 'x_mitre_domains': ['enterprise-attack'],
 'x_mitre_is_subtechnique': False,
 'x_mitre_modified_by_ref': 'identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5',
 'x_mitre_platforms': ['macOS', 'Windows'],
 'x_mitre_version': '1.1'}